Terror as a tactic is essentially the use of intimidation or fear to cause a target audience to behave in a certain manner. During the apartheid years in South Africa, terror was used widely by both the state and by opposition groups. The African National Congress (ANC) struggle against apartheid illustrates the multiplicity of forms that terror can take and their ability to both help and hinder guerrilla movements.

At the outbreak of World War II, the Third Republic stood atop the second largest empire on Earth. By the time the Fifth Republic came into being in 1959, this had given way to the French Community, which paved the way to independence for most of the colonies. A brief analysis of the period 1940-58 explains why the days of the French Empire were ended and why the French Community took the form that it did.

Present day interpretations of German Nazism are almost inevitably coloured by our knowledge of how the Holocaust and the Second World War unfolded. Considering the context of its contemporary political ideologies, however, allows a more nuanced analysis of what was truly unique about Nazism, and which features were in reality simply wider reflections of the 1933-39 political landscape.

The 1899-1902 South African war split the Boers into conciliatory and nationalist camps. The latter went on to develop the fierce Afrikaaner nationalism and formal apartheid system that was to characterise the youthful independent South Africa. Without this war, the early Boer communities might have been subsumed into a British southern African behemoth instead of forging an independent state.

The global Convention on Biological Diversity committed the United Kingdom to implementing a holistic national strategy for nature conservation. This strategy was the UKBAP, and its significance has been argued to be that it seeks to implement a comprehensive institutional framework that brings direct conservation concern to all sectors of the government and economy.

Discussion of the meaning of the term ideology is shown to have followed a disentanglement of “science” and “ideology” over the last two centuries. This is shown to have acted in different ways along the two main frameworks for discussing ideology - the science/ideology contrast approach (of the French traditionalists and empiricist English-speakers) and the historicist tradition (identified with German writing).

The Arab monarchies have a particularly sensitive need to seek legitimacy due to their  recent and inorganic origin. Islam is the prime source of legitimacy, alongside anti-imperialism and pan-Arabism, all set within a context of tradition and the patrimonial nature of society. Monarchies must balance tensions both between and within these varied and often contradictory sources of legitimacy.

The colonialist perspective inherently makes a political statement – of pre-1967 an Arab-Israeli one, and of post-1967 an intra-Israeli one. Arab understanding of 1948 Israel as colonialist conflicts with  the Israeli narrative. Considering the Occupied Territories from a colonialist perspective makes an intra-Israeli political
statement because this is accepted by a left-wing minority but rejected by the political majority.